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Mayoral control of schools is governance over American schools based on the business model, in which the mayor of a city replaces an elected board of education (school board) with an appointed board. The mayor may also directly appoint the head of the school system, called the CEO, superintendent or chancellor. Also known as "integrated governance", mayoral control of schools is a formal structure of governance that replaces a structure in which "an elected board insulates schools from formal mayoral influence".〔Wong, Kenneth K., et al. The Education Mayor: Improving America's Schools. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Print.〕 Mayoral control governs the school districts in two of our nation's three largest cities, in Chicago since 1995 and in New York City since 2002. It is found in other medium-to-large districts as well, such as Washington, DC. According to a survey of school board members compiled for the National School Board Association, 96 percent of respondents report that membership on their board is determined by election.〔Hess, Frederick M., "School Boards at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Conditions and Challenges of District Governance." Alexandria, VA: National School Boards Association, 2002.〕 As of October 2011, evidence of existing or attempted mayoral control was found in about 20 major districts around the United States. Perhaps the most high-profile case of mayoral control is New York City where Michael Bloomberg won the right to appoint the head of schools in June 2002. Despite limited reach, there are a plethora of mayoral controlled governance structures. In Chicago, the mayor appoints the CEO (superintendent) as well as the entire school board. In Washington, DC, though the mayor has power to directly select the chancellor, a hybrid school board exists, with five elected members and four appointed members who then must be confirmed by the city council. New York’s mayor also has the power to select the head of schools, in addition to appointing eight of thirteen school board members. In Boston, the mayor’s powers extend only to appointing a committee from a list of nominees. It is this appointed board that is entrusted with the job of selecting a superintendent of schools.〔Viteritti, Joseph P., ed. When Mayors Take Charge: School Governance in the City. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2009.〕 == History of mayoral control of schools == According to scholar Deborah Land of Johns Hopkins University, the origins of a system in which lay individuals were given the authority to govern their local schools dates back more than 200 years. From the inception of school boards, there was skepticism about the ability of distant politicians to see and meet the needs of local neighborhoods when it came to education. As a result, boards of education were morphed over time to ensure maximum local control of schools. It was believed that separating governance of schools from state and local elected officials was the best way to realize the Progressive Era vision of schools protected from politics.〔Henig, Jeffrey R., and Wilbur C. Rich. Mayors in the Middle: Politics, Race, and Mayoral Control of Urban Schools. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2004.〕 The trend toward mayoral control represents a reversal of this trend, with arguments for and against discussed in a later section. While mayoral control in some cities such as Jackson, Mississippi, has existed since the mid-20th century,〔Favro, Tony. "US Mayors are Divided about Merits of Controlling Schools." citymayors.com. Citymayors, 2 Feb. 2007. Web. 27 Oct. 2011〕 most shifts from elected to appointed school boards took place after 1990.〔 Starting in the 1990s, mayoral control was viewed by its supporters as a way to address the chronic underperformance and jumpstart reforms in medium to large urban districts. The first major urban district to move toward mayoral control of schools was Boston, where, in 1991, the Massachusetts governor and legislature approved a petition allowing the mayor to appoint a seven-member board, which then appointed a superintendent of schools.〔 The latest high-profile urban district to move under mayoral control was Washington, DC, where Mayor Adrian Fenty won the right to select the chancellor of schools in 2007. The table below shows the school districts that are now under the governance of mayor-appointed boards and, in some cases, mayor-appointed heads of schools. Other locations where mayoral control is being considered or has existed in the past include: Los Angeles, California; Oakland, CA; Indianapolis, IN; Detroit, MI; Milwaukee, WI; Minneapolis, MN; districts in New Jersey; Albuquerque, NM; Rochester, NY; Memphis, TN; Dallas, TX; and Seattle, WA.,〔〔 Notably, not all attempts at achieving mayoral control have been successful. Mayor of Los Angeles Antonio Villaraigosa sought to bring the Los Angeles Unified School District under his management in 2006, only to be challenged in court where the move was ruled unconstitutional.〔"Los Angeles Unified School District." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.〕 In Detroit in the late 1990s, a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor replaced the elected board of education in response to allegations of mismanagement. This reform was reversed in city referendum in 2005 which reinstated an elected school board. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mayoral control of schools」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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